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Общественное движение в России в 30-50 годы 19 века.

Общественное движение в России в 30-50 годы XIX века.

Поражение декабристов и усиление полицейско-репрессивной политики правительства не только не привели к спаду общественного движения, а только усилило его. Началось разделение трех идейных направлений.

1.      Консервативное самодержавно-охранительное. Теория официальной народности.

( Уваров, Греч, Погодин, Булгарин).

2.      Либеральное. Славянофилы. (Хомяков, Самарин, И.С. и К.С. Аксаковы)

                               Западники  (Грановский, Соловьев, Кавелин, Боткин,Тургенев.)

3.      Революционно-социалистическое. Кружки 20-40 годов. Русский утопический социализм. (Герцен, Огарев, Бакунин).

Консервативное направление.

Консерватизм в России опирался на теории, доказывающие незыблемость самодержавия и крепостного права. Они считали, что самодержавие это издревле присущая форма политической власти России. Карамзин писал, что необходимо сохранить мудрое самодержавие. Для идеологического обоснования самодержавия министр народного просвещения граф Уваров создал теорию официальной народности. Три её принципа – самодержавие, православие, народность. Идея единения государя и народа, отсутствие между ними противоречий, и признание самодержавия единственно возможной властью для России. Крепостное право рассматривалось как благо для государства – помещики осуществляют отеческую заботу о крестьянах, поддерживают порядок в деревне. Дворянство – опора самодержавия. Православие – как присущая русскому народу глубокая религиозность. Из этого следовало – нет необходимости в социальных преобразованиях.

 

Либеральное направление.

Остро критиковал теорию официальной народности П.Я. Чаадаев. Его «Философические письма» опубликовал журнал «Телескоп» в 1836 году. Он видел прогресс России в использовании европейского опыта, в духовной свободе.

 

В 30-40 годах складываются два идейных течения

Славянофилы

Западники

Россия имеет свой особый путь развития, отличный от Запада. Петр  I разрушил естественный ход истории. Допускали сохранение самодержавия, но народ имеет право на выражение своего мнения, которое доводится до царя совещательным Земским собором. Признавали необходимость развития промышленности. Считали капитализм порочным. Считали нравственной религией – православие. Подчеркивали дух коллективизма в России.

Россия должна развиваться в русла европейской цивилизации. Петр I сблизил Россию и Европу. Считали возможной конституционную монархию. Отрицали особую роль крестьянской общины, считали её навязанной для удобства сбора налогов и управления. Выступали за просвещение народа.

 О Б Щ Е Е :  необходимость изменений,  отмена крепостного права, надежда на мирный характер преобразований.

З Н А Ч Е Н И Е: заложили основу либерально-реформистского направления в общественном движении.

 

Радикальное направление.

Революционные и просветительские кружки 20-40 годов.

Кружки братьев Критских, Сунгурова и др.

Москва, университет

1826-27

Всего 6 человек, не выросли в организацию

Обсуждали внутреннюю политику, строили наивные планы реформирования. Попытка продолжения декабристской идеологии, мысли о цареубийстве.

Жестокая расправа с членами кружка.

Литературное общество 11 нумера.

 Москва, 1830-32.

Белинский

Обсуждение проблем России, чтение литературы

Кружок Станкевича.

1831-39, Москва.

Станкевич, Аксаков, Грановский, Бакунин

Изучали философию Шеллинга, Канта, Гегеля. Осуждали крепостничество. Насилия не допускалось, считали важным просвещение. Кружок распался.

Кружок Герцена и Огарева.

1831-34, Москва.

Герцен, Огарев, Савин, Сазонов.

Изучали идеи французских просветителей. Следили за революционными событиями на Западе. Полиция раскрыла кружок, ссылка, надзор полиции за членами.

Петрашевцы.

1845-49. Москва, Петербург, Киев, Ростов.

Буташевич-Петрашевский, Салтыков-Щедрин, Достоевский, Плещеев.и др.

Обсуждали проблемы России, Выступали против крепостничества и самодержавия. Пропаганда революционных идей, демократии.

Кружок раскрыт, приговорены к расстрелу, в последнюю минуту  расстрел заменили каторгой.

Кирилло-Мефодиевское общество,1845-47. Украина

Шевченко, Костомаров, Гулак.

Демократия, славянская республика, ликвидация крепостничества – основные идеи. Общество раскрыто.

 

Итоги:

В целом это было время «наружного рабства» и «внутреннего освобождения». Основные идеи и направления продолжали развиваться во второй половине 19 века.

 



Источник: http://Учебная литература
Категория: Мои статьи | Добавил: rushistory (12.12.2007) | Автор: Татаренко Л.Ю. E
Просмотров: 35536 | Комментарии: 252 | Рейтинг: 4.7/20
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